MINISTRY OF GENERAL AND PROFESSIONAL

EDUCATION ROSSIYSKOY FEDERATION

Adyghe State University

ABSTRACT history Kuban

ON

Maikop

Finished: student 1 st Course
_____________< br> Instructor:
Beretar NG

Maykop

1999.

PLAN

Introduction

history
Maikop - the capital of Adygeya
Architecture Maikop
Today the republic

Conclusion

References < p> Introduction

Republic of Adygea - the subject of . Republic is located on southern in the north-western part of the Caucasus and occupies the left bank of river
Kuban and Laba (north of the republic-in Kuban lowlands, south-to slopes of the Greater Caucasus, height up to 3 238 m, mountain Chugush). Founded 27 July 1922 In 1992 she separated from the Krasnodar region, which included as an autonomous region. Territory - 7,8 thousand km2. Currently in the Republic includes the city of Maikop and Adygei, 7 rural
(Maikop, Koshehablsky, Krasnogvardiysky, Giaginskaya, Teuchezhsky,
Takhtamukajskij, Shovgenovsky), 5 towns, 226 rural settlements, 55 rural and village districts. On its territory live 450 thousand people, while the urban population is 54% all residents.
At the end of 1998 land area amounted to 781,4 hectares, including 244.7 thousand hectares of arable land, 92 thousand of grasslands and pasture, 335 hectares of forests. The soils are alkaline (52.6%) and fused (10.3%), black earth, and lugovochernozemnymi (27%) and gray forest (10.1%) soils. About 2 / 5 of the territory occupied by broad
(beech, oak, hornbeam, maple) forests.
The climate is moderately warm, with average January temperature is -2? C; July 22? C
The precipitation is about 700 mm per year.
The country is rich in water resources. On its territory runs 85 large and small rivers (main rivers of the republic - Kuban and
White), comprises 4 Reservoir (Krasnodar Tschikskoe, Shapsugskoe,
Oktyabrskoe). Irrigated fund is 26,5 thousand hectares, including 14 Thousands of hectares of paddy systems.

history

Circassians who gave the name of the republic - the indigenous population of the Caucasus since the Paleolithic. One group of Circassians artificially divided into parts in the years formation of Soviet was called "Adygeys. The other group - is modern Kabardians and Circassians. The ancestors of the Circassians in different times were ethnonyms: Maeotae, Cindy, kerkety and lived along the east coast
Azov and the north-eastern coast of the Black Sea, as well as in lower
Kuban. In IV-X centuries Adygs engaged in farming and herding, fisheries, apiculture, metal and pottery, traded with the Crimea, Slavs Dnieper, Iran and Byzantium. In the XIII-XV centuries Circassians economy, according to the Genoese merchants, was of natural nature, with the exchange of honey, wax, fruit, eggs, furs for salt, cloth, weapons, luxuries.
Once the most numerous in the North Caucasus Adygeyan people, after transferred them to the national tragedy in the second half of the XIX century result of the n-Caucasian war, scattered around the world. In
Turkey, the Middle East and other countries today live more than 3 million Circassians.
Since May 1918 the territory inhabited Adygs, became part of the Kuban-
Black Sea Soviet Republic. After the Civil War, July 22, 1922 , has been formed Circassian (Adygei) Autonomous Region on August 24 same year changed its name to Adegeiskaya (Circassian), and in July 1928 - in
Adegeiskaya Autonomous Region, which became the center of Krasnodar, and from 1936
- Maikop. The years of the first Soviet five-year plans - time of economic and cultural formation region. During the Great Patriotic War, with August 1942, Adygea was occupied by the Nazis. Released in February
1943 as a result of the North Caucasus offensive. After the war residents of the area in a short time to rebuild economy and continued economic and cultural development of their land.

Maikop - the capital of Adygeya

Maikop capital of the Republic of Adygea in 1936, its administrative, economic and cultural center. During the years of Adygea as territorial public education (1922) Maikop a small city (45 thousand) grew up in a modern city with a population of more than 150 thousand persons (163.6 thousand people on 1.01.1994).
City Maikop - (175 thousand inhabitants in 1994 - was founded May 17, 1857 in
1870 has been approved county town. After establishing Soviet government on Sept. 7, 1918, Mr. Maikop was captured by the Whites, that March 22, 1920 ousted from the town of Part 1 of the First Cavalry.
During the years preceding the Great Patriotic War, the capital of Adygea evolved from a small provincial town from the artisanal and semi-artisan enterprises in the industrial center. Since 10 August 1942 by
January 29, 1943, Mr. Maikop was occupied by the Nazis, causing the city enormous damage. During the first five years after the war was fully restored.

Title - "Maikop" comes from the Circassian word "myekuape" - Valley apple. And in the semantics of the city emblem of one of the characters was the image leaves of apple.
Maikop - one of the most beautiful cities in the North Caucasus. So make like drawn over the line wide streets, generous green trees and shrubs, many areas, parks and a picturesque park on the river
White. Maykopchane proud that at 5 862 hectares of the total area of City has 827 hectares of greenery. Every year the city planted 10 thousand young trees, shrubs, and 50 thousand almost million colors. Maikop is located in the foothill steppe zone of the republic.
Summers are warm with an average July temperature 23 degrees, winter is mild with average January temperature of 1.7 degrees. The main wealth of the republic -- its forests - are located in the mountains of Maikop district.
City Maikop among secured labor. On territory Maikop City Council economically active and employed population 80%. In Maikop concentrated 36 different industrial enterprises. Of these the most important being: Engineering Works, stankonormalny Plant. Frunze, state furniture factory, tannic-ekstraktovy factory "Red October", meat, Food Works, a canning factory, pulp and cardboard factory others. Largest power of the republic is Maykopskaya
Hydroelectric power station on. White, which has a capacity of 10 kilowatts .. At Maikop gas field produced about 700 m2 of natural gas.
Maikop largest transportation hub of the country. In 1910 railway line was laid from the major railway stations
Belorechenskaya to Maikop. In 1930 it was extended to Khadzhokh. In Currently on the road transporting timber and building materials. Network good roads with asphalt coating binds Maikop all settlements of the republic, which allows for mass transportation of agricultural products, industrial goods and passenger transportation as within the republic and beyond its frontiers. The volume of road transport increased over the period 1975 - 1990 years in 3,3 times. Transport of the Republic counted on 1.01.1993 about 90 thousand units, 37% of which was accounted for, the
Maikop. In the city of Maikop has a civil airport, carrying flights inside and abroad. According to the density and transport (12 units per 100 inhabitants) region is one of the first places in the country. If we add more to this powerful flow of transit on federal roads in Sochi and
Novorossiysk, it becomes clear how large share of transport
Adygea in the proportion of regions of the Northern Caucasus and Southern .
Maikop has developed social infrastructure. In 1860 City opened the first Gorskaya school. Today the city has

22 secondary schools, the Republican gymnasium, Adyghe State University, Adygeay Republican Institute of Humanitarian Studies, Adyghe Republican Agricultural Institute, Maikop State Technological Institute, educational, musical, medical and many other vocational-technical schools and colleges.
The city is highly developed network of medical institutions. For security hospital beds per 10 thousand people (128.8 at the end of 1990.) Adygea not yields highly developed countries (France - 102, USA - 55, Germany - 109,
Japan - 122). Is not inferior to those countries and in terms of security doctors (France - 22,9, USA - 25,7, Germany - 30, Japan - 19.8, Adygea -
33,4).
The city is world famous archaeological excavations late 19 th century, during which scientists NI Veselovsky were found Maikop Mounds Bronze Age. The burial tribal leader were found precious vessels, which are now in the Hermitage exhibition.
In 1925 was created Regional Museum, in which the equipment attended by scientists from the Hermitage and the State Historical Museum. In Currently museum includes more than 70 thousand exhibits. Museum has a rich collection of folk applied arts, including unique collections of gold-work, silver coins and daggers.
The city has a large number of professional and amateur artistic collectives, Drama Theater, chamber music.
It includes departments of Unions of writers, artists and journalists of .

Architecture Maikop

Maikop rich in monuments of architecture perfectly fits into the landscape city and beautify it with their presence. The best known include home Kaplanova.

Trading house Kaplanova. Building the trading house was built in 1900 year, the architecture is solved in a style typical of public buildings, the
Maikop beginning of XX century. Elevations of the building subdivided by four projection in the facade and intercommunication horizontal thrust. The windows are framed with trims, two balconies have decorative metal fence. The house was built in Kaplanova
1912 in the style psevdoklassiki. The main facade of the 3-storey building has ground floor storefronts with windows ending on the balcony gallery across the facade. The second and third floors have two projection in the facade with semi-columns and karimfskimi capitals. The central part of the facade has a portico with four half-columns, completed parapet.

Pushkin House was built in 1900 on the initiative of intellectuals means residents and merchants Maikop as cultural and educational center. During World War II buildings have undergone major destruction. In the 50's, it was reconstructed. On the main facade adjusted later foyer with eight-column portico, an auditorium for 600 seats.
Monument "Friendship" was built to commemorate the 400 Anniversary of the alliance with .
Opened Dec. 28, 1968. Area "Friendship" - the former Wood-burning area was one of the centers of the armed uprising in the city of Maikop. In January 1918 , the troops under the command of D. Shvets and the Red Guard units under the Command N. Ciocana powerful avalanche rushed c four sides of
Malku area, surrounded by the White Guard unit, Colonel Murzayeva, forcing him to surrender, seized the headquarters of the chief and proclaimed the establishment of Soviet power.
Memorial to the heroes of the Civil and the Great Patriotic War.
The central monument to victims of the White Terror (built to 10 -- anniversary of the Great October Revolution). During preparation for the 50 anniversary of Great October area around the monument has been completely rebuilt. September 21, 1918 at the railroad station was shot over three thousand people. To beginning in September 1942 Adygea was occupied by Nazi troops. For 6 months in the city was destroyed 4000 of Soviet soldiers. In memory of the fallen 9 May 1967 Eternal flame of glory.

Malt shop brewery built in 1900-1910. in turn and consists of four buildings grouped in a single volume.
In architecture, the building can be attributed to the modernist style typical of industrial buildings late XIX - early XX century. Wall masonry fa