Perei agreement in 1654: the contract equal or shift in allegiance?

Sokolov L.

Co time of Ukrainian separatist movement, its supporters and their patrons, speaking of Pereiaslav Rada in 1654, gave this historic event, in fact marking the beginning of the reunification of with the Great Little Rus, very negative evaluation. For example, in the original text poem "Sche not vmerla Ukraina", published in 1863, were these lines, subsequently resolved: "Oh Bogdanov Bogdanov, our glorious Hetman! Na-scho viddav Ukraini Moskal trash? "In Austrian Galicia authorities recommended Halych Ukrainophiles strongly renounce identity as Khmelnitskogo to Ukrainian heroes, what should be considered only those personality as Mazeppa, Vygovskii and others like them, acting with hostility against . In the spirit of these recommendations, evaluate Pereyaslavskaya Rada's 350 Anniversary which is executed in January 2004, and the current "national svidomye" Ukrainian leaders, trying hard to hammer Ukrainians ideological stereotypes, tailored to the Austro-Polish patterns XIX - the beginning XX century. What

As ratings of any historical event, they will always differ Depending on what positions to consider this event. Clearly, that in terms of Ukrainian separatists, all activities which initially was aimed at the destruction of n Unity Pereyaslavskaya Parliament in 1654 did not can be evaluated positively, and require them to such assessments would completely pointless. But agree that some Ukrainian authors, trying to impose on the public their views on the content Perei Agreements in 1654, permit the distortion of historical facts, can not be.

In modern Ukrainian publications on Pereyaslav agreement 1654 city, you can read about that in 1654 Ukraine acted as independent state that between Ukraine and Moscow was signed only a temporary military alliance that Ukraine and Moscow signed a contract as equal parties, Moscow and then treacherously violated the treaty and invaded the Ukraine, depriving her independence.

should note that these versions are not invented by the current authors, and received walking with the filing of some Ukrainian historians at the beginning of last century. For example, historian William Lipinski in his work "Ukraine on ? ", published the first edition in 1920, wrote that" his [Khmelnytsky] an agreement with Moscow in 1654 was the same way a random alliance directed against Poland, what were all of his previous similar most alliances with the Crimea, and especially with Turkey ".

Characterizing Perei agreement as accidental military alliance, B. Lipinski yet notes that this alliance is supposed protectorate of the tsar of Moscow over Ukraine: "In the struggle with Poland, the king took the place of Sultan, and nothing more. Having tread Ukraine, he had to give it military assistance against Poland, and for this assistance was supposed to receive from the Ukraine some annual monetary tribute to such most, which received its protectorate over the Sultan of Siebenbiirgen, in Moldavia, in Wallachia. And the agreement with the King is ready to order samples, and for some made to the time the agreement of Ukraine in the Protectorate with the Sultan. " Another

Ukrainian historian, R. Lashchenko, in its interpretation Pereyaslav agreement was further and generally rejected the idea that these agreements, which he calls the "contract", provided a protectorate of the Tsar over Ukraine, and argued that in this case there was an agreement of equal parties. Commenting on the pages of his book "Pereyaslavsky ? 1654 pp. ? ? i king Moskovs'kij ", published in Prague in 1923, above remarks B. Lipinski, R. Lashchenko pointed out:

"How same way to link this behavior Hetman, who considered himself "the king equal "with the idea of a protectorate? Because the idea of a protectorate, as the idea of allegiance is the negation of the idea of equality, because between those who protezhiruyut, and those who protezhiruet, equality in relationships can not be, nor can it be between the ward and guardian ".

"Recognizing that on the basis Perejaslavskogo contract was signed not only a military alliance between Ukraine and Moscow - wrote more R. Lashchenko - but union secured "protectorate" king of Moscow - we thus need to recognize that Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky himself quite consciously put himself for the king in a position dependent on the latter, limiting the sovereignty of Ukrainian Cossack state ". This

interpretation of the essence Perei agreement acceptable to R. Lashchenko, and he argues that: "In the same relationship that was supposed Covenants Perejaslavskogo contract - Hetman Khmelnitsky only recognized the "moral authority of "king of Moscow, its political and military ally, even acknowledged, and his "moral supremacy", but at the same strongly denied any right of the king to intervene in the internal affairs Ukraine, leaving the full authority to manage the Cossack state exclusively for themselves and their government, as well as retaining them and right relations with other states ".

So Here we find the "sovereign Cossack state, and mention that Khmelnitsky, being "equal to the king," reserved for himself "full power" in this country, and that he was denied "some of the king" to interfere in the internal affairs of Ukraine.

For that meeting with such a treatment effect Perei agreements 1654, to find out how these interpretations correspond to the true content these agreements should contact the extant sources that sheds light on the facts relating to the matter. But

first addressed the issue of what the aims of Moscow, sending their ambassadors in Pereyaslav, taking into account the foreign policy objectives n state, standing in front of him during the preceding more than and a half centuries, as well as what causes led B. Khmelnitsky lifted in 1648 uprising against the Poles, to reach an agreement with Moscow.

In Moscow is traditionally looked to the western and south-western n lands, captured in the XIV century. Poland and Lithuania, both on their possessions, temporarily alienated the enemy and be returned to their rightful owners. Else Grand Prince Ivan III, dropping belonged on the north-eastern Rus Tartar-Mongol yoke, openly expressed their claims to the n land, during their stay here at that time under the rule of Poland and Lithuania, and set the task to combine under the authority of Moscow all the territory that had previously been in the possession of a dynasty Rurik. The king, the Polish and Lithuanian Grand Duke Alexander as was transferred to the opinion of Ivan III "with God's grace and the sovereign of all Grand Duke: "The emperor told you our govoriti: Ino truth to it We ordered that each paternal own cute and everyone of his pity. Ino because knows our son-Alexander King and the Grand Duke, that the whole n land, with With God's free will from antiquity, from our grandparents, our paternal: and we are now its paternal pity, and their paternal - Lyatskaya Earth and Lithuania: and we then dividing those cities and townships, their paternal, which God gave us, he otstupatis? ELN one thing our paternal, koi rural municipalities and towns now behind us: and all the n land, Kiev, and Smolenesk and other cities which he keeps for himself in the Lithuanian land with God's free will from antiquity, from our grandparents, our paternal ".

Clear matter that the voluntary return of land seized by n Lithuania and Poland did not collected, but rather sought to further expand their holdings for from . In 1492-1595 gg. there have been seven wars between the n state and Lithuania-Poland. In particular plight of the n state was in beginning of the XVII century. when, after nearly fifteen years of struggle with the Polish-Lithuanian invaders, in 1618 under the Truce of Deulino n Government was forced to cede the Commonwealth previously recaptured Smolensk, as well as Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky land.

C On the other hand, once in the southern n lands formed Cossacks his representatives have repeatedly appealed to Moscow for admission Cossack troops in the state service. Similarly, representatives Yuzhnorussky clergy in their messages to the n Tsar reported willingness Orthodox Minor rule over them a king. However, the Moscow government did not have at that time sufficient forces for the practical implementation their plans for the return of captured lands Lithuania and Poland, and could satisfy addressed to him from the Little Rus request.

But in 1632 began a war to regain territory lost in 1618, but it was unsuccessful and ended with the conclusion in 1634 Polyanovskogo world, has confirmed in the main conditions Deulino truce. Defeat in War 1632-1634 gg. left its mark on the foreign policy of the n state next two decades. While the n government, not rejecting strategic objective of return of former possessions of the n princes, so as not less feared conflict with Rzeczpospolita and tried to avoid war with it.

Co For its part, B. Khmelnitsky, raising a revolt against the Poles, dominant in Little , absolutely had no intention to pull Little-n lands from Poland in order to reunite them with the Great Rus', and just wanted to get the authorities to the Commonwealth guarantees "rights and liberties" of the Registered Cossacks, and, if possible, expand those rights. Ideally, the Cossack leaders of those times was to obtain status of the Polish gentry. How

noted Ukrainian historian D. Doroshenko: "... Bohdan Khmelnitsky in the first years of its activity is not thought to break the state of Ukraine to Poland. Poland In dealing heavy blows, causing her bloody wounds, he still not yet thought to break away from her and just wanted to get it done as soon as major concessions to the Ukrainian Cossacks ,..".

Only in religious matters Cossack leaders went beyond a purely caste interests, seeking to eliminate the Polish government and Church Union cease the persecution of the Orthodox faith, which satisfy the aspirations of all Orthodox residents of Little . Already

in the initial period of rebellion B. Khmelnitsky offered the n government go to war with Poland, hoping that the n troops to distract themselves part of Polish forces, and this would facilitate it, the hetman, the struggle to achieve their own purposes. But when the first successes of the uprising were replaced lesions, B. Khmelnitsky seriously began to cry for help, and as the situation deteriorates requested longer just for military support, and acceptance of citizenship of the n sovereign, insisted on this and said that otherwise he will only go to citizenship sultan.

Moscow Hetman provided material assistance offered him all the host move to the limits of the n state, but directly get involved the war is not wanted. Only when the situation became Khmelnitskogo critical and threatened that he and Cossack troops really goes under the authority of the sultan, in Moscow finally decided to nationalize Zaporozhian with cities and lands, which was tantamount to a declaration of war Rzeczpospolita.

Schematic willingness of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich take Zaporozhian in their citizenship was expressed in reading and writing, addressed to the hetman and dated June 22, 1653, in which the n Tsar explained his decision is the desire to protect Christian faith: "And we have a great emperor, jealous of the benefit of Bose jealousy and desired by you, to the Christian faith in you is not cut short, but Pace overflowed, and the great shepherd of Christ our God, the flock multiplied, yakozhe saith: and will be one flock and one shepherd - were pleased to take you under Majesty our high hand ,..". Then

to consider the question of war with the Rzeczpospolita and the adoption of a citizenship Zaporozhian was convened by the Zemsky Sobor. As a pretext for declaration of war was violation of the Polish side of previous with the n state contracts. The decision of the Land Council from October 1, 1653 city provides a detailed list of such violations, then it was said:

"And hearing, the boyars were sentenced: to honor the blessed memory of the great king and emperor Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich, DCFA Rusii, and for the honor of his son Emperor, Great Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich, DCFA Rusii, are and against the king Polski war news ... ". By

to the request Hetman Khmelnitsky B. Zemsky Sobor decided: "And about Hetman Bohdan on Hmelnitskom and all Zaporozhian boyars and dumnyi people sentenced to the Grand Emperor Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich DCFA Rusii, deigned to Hetman Bohdan Hmelnitskogo and all Zaporozhian, with their cities and lands, to take under his gosudarskuyu high hand ...". So

way, Moscow's position regarding future supplies from Little beginning was quite unambiguous - Little-n lands were supposed to go possession of the n sovereign. Leaving the idea that Moscow could decide on war with Rzeczpospolita in order to create some of the sovereign Ukrainian state, there is no reason. If you already n government, so fearing an armed clash with the Polish-Lithuanian state, nevertheless ventured to engage in a fight, the aim of this struggle could only be the implementation of long intentions expressed by Ivan III, -- return of captured earlier by Poland and Lithuania, the n lands. When

This n tsar could be considered an equal of the Polish king, but not its rebellious citizen B. Khmelnitsky, which is now simply changed his allegiance to Royal on the royal. B. Khmelnitsky had no reason to claim equal status with the king not only by their formal status, but in fact, being at war with the Polish government, he could not its own to keep in control of the territory of Little . If under contract Zbarouski 1649 Registered Cossack army numbering 40 thousand people could be placed on the territory of three provinces: Kiev, Chernigov and Bratslav, the conditions Belotserkovsky treaty in 1651, prisoner after the defeat of the Cossack troops under Berestechko, limited population registry of 20 thousand people and the territory of one of its placement Kiev Voivodship, but this treaty was not ratified by the Seimas Speeches Commonwealth. The war continued. The forces of the Cossack troops were confined. When end of August 1653, King moved to campaign against the rebels, "Khmelnitsky - as noted by historian D. Doroshenko, - announced the mobilization Cossack forces, but this time took place sluggishly, without enthusiasm, Many Cossacks deserted for the Moscow border. "There is, for the Moscow border, went in search of salvation, and thousands of residents of Little .

only Ally B. Khmelnitsky, who was the Crimean Khan, and had repeatedly Modifier hetman at crucial moments in the struggle against the Poles, at the end of 1653 under Zhvantsem reconciled with the Polish King Jan Kazimierz, which doomed the B. Khmelnitskogo inevitable defeat. In this situation, not hetman left with no choice but to place all their hopes in Moscow. According Ukrainian historian I. Kripyakevicha, "Agreement between Poland and the Crimea, with passivity Turkey, Ukraine, placed in a very dangerous situation. Khmelnitsky was forced to seek support in the other side and drew all the attention on Moskovschinu ".

Consequently the end of 1653 and B. Khmelnytsky and the n government agreed view the transition of Little under the tsar "high hand", guided in this, however, quite different considerations. If Moscow had in mind the return of the n lands, the B. Khmelnitsky, despairing of opportunities to achieve the desired security, the rights and liberties " Roster of the Cossacks under the authority of the Polish king, decided to achieve the same goal under the authority of the n Tsar.

For swearing Hetman B. Khmelnitsky troops forporozhskogo and residents Malocountry of allegiance to the Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in Little were sent Ambassadors: boyar Vasily Buturlin Okolnichy Ivan Alferev and deacon dumnyi Larion D. Lopukhin. January 7, 1654 in Pereyaslav met with the king's messengers B. Khmelnitsky Hetman, during which discussed on the order of the appropriate ceremonies and appointed on Sunday 8 January.

Ad the events that took place in Pereyaslav are contained in the so-called "stateynom list of" imperial ambassadors, from which it follows that the morning of 8 January 1654 hetman held with Cossack leaders secretly Rada, and its completion of the clerk Ivan Vygovskiy said after that "and colonels and de judges and yasauly under the high hand subclones ". Then

was collected overall happy where B. Khmelnitsky delivered his famous speech in which stated that "we nelzya zhiti Bole without a king," and suggested choose a monarch of these four: the Turkish sultan, khan Crimea, King of Poland, the fourth also was named "Orthodox Good Rosiya monarch King and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich, DCFA Rusii autocrat Eastern, which we already six years bezprestannymi prayer our own Please, "and after that he added:" here that you want elect. "hetman himself spoke in favor of" king of the East " emphasizing that "the Christian Orthodox great ruler king of the east have with us a common piety Greek law a single profession, united esmy body Orthodox Great Church of , the wealthy head of Jesus Christ. " Hetman concluded his speech with the words: "And who would disagree with us, where are you now want to wave the road ". How

It is further reported in stateynom list: "By these words the whole nation cried: volim under the king's eastern, orthodox, thy strong hand in our pious faith umirati than haters of Christ poganinu dostati! Then Colonel Pereyaslav grouse, walking in a circle, on all sides ask TNI whether tako assent? Reclus all the people: TNI unanimously. Then Hetman molyl: wake taco, yes the Lord our God sukrepit under his royal strength of his hand. And people for him, all ye unanimously cried out: O God the affirmative, God strengthened to esmi forever TNI were unanimous! And after the clerk Ivan Vygovskiy when they came, saying that de Cossacks and burgers all under the high hand subclones ". Then

Hetman of the sergeant and the king's ambassadors went to ride over the yard, where Boyar B. Buturlin handed Bohdan Khmelnitsky royal charter, which the clerk I. Vygovskiy read aloud to the audience, after which the Hetman said that he and all Zaporozhian ready to serve the emperor, to bring him the oath of allegiance and "throughout his sovereign's will be ready".

In his acceptance speech, Boyar B. Buturlin said that "our great ruler, His Majesty is [...] under his high hand you Hetman Bohdan Hmelnitskogo all Zaporozhian with cities and lands of the royal citizenship [...] freely undertaken ordered ". So

way to the general happy in Pereyaslav was put the question on essentially been settled previously as a Cossack leaders, and n government - the question of passing Malocountry (Zaporozhian with lands and cities) in the citizenship of the n sovereign. And it is definitely made glad choice in favor of the "king of the Eastern Orthodox". However

Hetman and the sergeant, taking the decision to move under the sovereign's "high hand, did so not because they set out to reunite n lands, or, as mentioned in the Soviet times - the reunification of Ukraine , but because they wanted to protect their class privileges - "the right and liberties, as well as its name - "maetnosti" from those attacks, they have been in the Commonwealth of the Polish gentry. Therefore, the Hetman and the foreman, of course, cared about getting a question on this score certain guarantees from the king's messengers.

Co I will go yard hetman, the sergeant and the king's ambassadors went to the cathedral church Assumption, which was scheduled for oath of allegiance to the emperor. And here Hetman, concerned above question, suggested that the king's ambassadors, that they, on behalf of the emperor also took an oath, "that he Emperor of Hetman Bohdan Hmelnitskogo and all Zaporozhian Polski King did not issue and for them to stand, and not volnostey narushet, and who was the gentleman or Cossack and tradesman, and those in which rank ahead of this and what maetnosti host had, and that all continue to be, and you come to the great emperor, ordered them give their maetnosti his sovereign's ratification ".

On it Boyar B. Buturlin "with friends" Hetman said that the oath Emperors brought ( "faith repairing) their subjects," and that for the great sovereign faith uchiniti, Nicola had happened and will not continue, and he Hetman and talk about how it was indecent, because every citizen is guilty faith dating from their sovereign. "At the same time V. Buturlin Hetman assured that "great ruler uchnet their [ie, the Hetman and Zaporozhian] keep his gosudarskom gracious salary and in Prizren and from their foes on the defensive and secure, and they do not volnostey otymaet and maetnostyami them than who owns, the great sovereign of perhaps telling them to hold still ".

hearing this response, the hetman went to consult with the colonel, and they also expressed desire that the king's envoys sworn on behalf of the Emperor, referring to the example Polish kings.

"And boyar Vasily and his comrades said Colonel: what Polski kings subjects mend his oath, and that the sample set indecent because those false kings and autocrats, but on what and swear, and that Nicole its not worth the truth. "" Yes, and now it was the hetman and his colonels -- continued the king's ambassadors - to talk about obscene, because gosudarskoe word variable is destroyed there is no ".

Assured inflexibility in the king's messengers, the Hetman and the foreman said, "that they are in all pokladyvayuttsa on sovereign grace, and faith in the Gospel commandments great sovereign vsedushno willing to inflict, "and their deeds uchnut They, and Hetman all Zaporozhian brow beat the great tsar ".

After of the church of the Assumption "Hetman Bohdan Hmelnitskoy and clerk Ivan Vygovskiy and oboznichey and judges and yasauly army colonels and faith tsar provoked at that that they be alone with the land and the cities under the high hand on the eyelids unrelenting ".

So rendered to the discussion of Cossack happy and it endorsed the decision to Little (Zaporozhian with the lands and cities) in the n citizenship king "for ever", January 8, 1654 was confirmed and sworn Hetman Cossack leaders. Such

rapid adoption of this decision, held on the second day after the meeting Hetman and elders from the king's ambassadors, without the prior consent of detail and document the conditions of such a transition, due to the fact that for the king's messengers, and leaders of the Cossack troops was obvious that Little will be under the authority of the n tsar in generally in the same position in which it was under the authority of the Polish King, a change of allegiance was only to enforce those rights, which were provided to individual estates of the Polish residents of Little power, and to eliminate harassment endured by Poland Orthodox faith. Although

king's ambassadors and refused to take the oath on behalf of the sovereign, but they assured Hetman and the foreman that he would be kept in its Zaporozhian mercy, as well as maintain the integrity of the Cossack liberties and estates, also explained that the wishes of the Hetman and the elders on topics of interest to their specific Questions should be formalized in the form of petitions - petitions - in the name of the emperor and forward to it.

On of its wishes Hetman and the sergeant were talking with the king's ambassadors in Pereyaslav January 10, 1654 Getman said: "To a great Emperor, his Imperial Majesty, pointed to the cities and places that levies in advance of this gather at the King and the Roman Monastery and pans, sbirati themselves Emperor, asking for here is that the emperor retained the monasteries and Churches belonging to their estates. How

see Hetman believed that the n tsar to Little had occupy the same place, which primarily served the Polish king, and taxes, which collected earlier in the royal coffers, as well as in favor of Catholic monasteries and pans, would now go to the king's treasuries.

Next Hetman said: "in Zaporozhye de army, who was in what rank of Xia place and now to the emperor granted, ordered to be on the fact, that gentleman was a gentleman, and Cossack Cossack, a tradesman tradesman, a Cossack would de sudittsa Colonel and a centurions. "Consequently, B. Khmelnitsky expected to continue unchanged in the current times of the Polish social structure of society. Then Hetman expressed the wish that the Cossacks after their deaths were for their families, and not as it was when the Polish kings: for the time being Cossack alive potamesta him and maetnost, but as a die, and those nobles de maetnosti fleeced themselves, and Jons and children are sent away ".

Royal Ambassadors assured that His Majesty will consider these proposals.

On Hetman wish that the emperor established the number of Cossack troops in the 60 thousands of people, when you answer that "they will send that to ask humbly emperor, many pixels will tell the emperor Zaporozhian be a Cossack ".

Getman said: "that he de emperor to honor and to raise, that he had the sovereign troops will be many. [...] As they pay a king's majesty on the Cossacks do not ask ".

Next Hetman Bohdan same Hmelnitskoy said: uchnet de he ask humbly the great sovereign, His Majesty, that the great emperor granted him, told him Hetman Dachi on mace Chigirinsky Regiment. A clerk said Ivan Vygovskiy same as that de His Majesty and he will also ask humbly, so that his master granted, ordered him maetnostyami his own still, and to be granted Emperor, told him Dachi and other name. "That is assumed that disposal of the king will pass all the estate in the Ukraine, not only belonging to the Polish gentry, but the Cossack leaders, and to be eligible for possession of what they already owned before, Hetman and the sergeant were "brow beat" the emperor. Note that B. Hetman Khmelnitsky not here as edinovlastny ruler of Little , Commissioner dispose in its territory name, because the slave Hetman I. Vygovskiy spoke of his intention to request the award to him old and new names are not to his immediate superior - the hetman, but to the king.

clerk Ivan Vygovskiy also suggested: "as de monarch deigned to send governor in the city, and that revenue for the sovereign gathers them nachalnym lyudem and give magistrates, in order that de people here to your obycheem not admitted. "This means that during the negotiations in Pereyaslav stipulated that the king send in their city malorossiyskie provincial governors, and will be collected taxes to the royal treasury. I. Vygovskiy also requested that directly collect these taxes, local chiefs, who know better the conditions here, and then voivods gave.

Question the preservation of their class privileges and estates continued to worry representatives of the Cossack chiefs, and they would still get the king Ambassadors if no longer the oath on behalf of the Emperor, then at least written confirm the assurances given by them. January 14, 1654 I. Vygovskiy clerk, and as a judge with a group of army colonels came to the king's ambassadors and said: do not deigned de great for you to swear our sovereign, his royal Majesty, and you give us de Pismo for their hands to them and volnostyam right and maetnostyam still be in order, so that every colonel was show that, having arrived in his regiment ".

Ambassadors reminded them: "And you said that would send a petition to strike our great emperor, to His Majesty, and now you must do so, that God and the sovereign's business to make all his gosudarskomu decree ".

Representatives elders consulted with the hetman, and then came to the king's ambassadors Mirgorodskii Colonel Gregory Sohnovich and said: "Hetman de and colonels put all of the sovereign will, and ordered the de Hetman and colonels say order them sent painting stolnikom and nobles, who in a city go ".

In malorossiyskie city commissioners went to the n government bring people to swear allegiance to the emperor.

Consequently in January 1654 in Pereyaslav no treaty between Hetman Khmelnitsky and B. n czar in the person of his ambassadors were concluded, as had not been signed and general no document outlining the mutual obligations of the parties. Yet you oath of allegiance to the emperor an unconditional, but the king's Ambassadors have given only verbal promises that the emperor would take into account the wishes of the Hetman and regarding compliance with the Cossack elders' rights and liberties ", and also keep them belonging to them "maetnosti. Refusing give any written commitments, the king's ambassadors stubbornly insisted on that the Hetman and the sergeant all their desires expressed in the form of petitions and applied them to the emperor.

Getman and the sergeant drew up a list of their requests to the Emperor in the form of so-called "pleading articles, which, together with letters of hetman was taken to His emissaries to Moscow - an army judge Samoylo Bogdanovich-Zarudny and Pereyaslav Colonel Paul Teterya. They arrived in Moscow on March 12, 1654 and next day was taken at the royal audience, and on March 14 sent the boyars outlined in a letter to the wishes of the Hetman and the elders, consisting of 23 articles.

19 March after it was reported the sovereign decision on the proposed articles. Most of the articles received a positive resolutions such as: "The Emperor said and boyars sentenced: to be on their petition, but in some cases, resolution accompanied by some reservations. Therefore, 21 March, after Hetman boyars sent a new petition, consisting of 11 articles. Resolutions imposed Emperor of these articles were already final.

Papers filed March 14 and unopposed, will not occur in petition on March 21, and subsequently their content was reflected in the special "charters". So

what did the emperor asked the Hetman and the foreman, and what resolutions were given to their "deprecatory article"?

the List papers, filed March 14, preceded by the following appeal to the emperor: "The grace of God, Great Sovereign Tsar and Grand-Duchesses ALEXEI Mikhailovich, DCFA GREAT AND SMALL RUSII SAMODERZHCHE, and many states sovereign and the holder, your Imperial Majesty, we Hmelnitsky Bohdan, Hetman Zaporozhian, and all the Cossack Army of Zaporizhia and the whole world the Christian rosiysky to the face of the earth brow beat.

Obradovavsya Velma with great prizes and mercy neischetnye your royal majesty that we your Majesty deigned to show a lot of brow beat you Emperor us, your Imperial Majesty, and sluzhiti straight and true at all deeds, and unto the king's your Imperial Majesty will be for ever. Plainly please Velma, for theirs and literacy requested esmy, if you like us to thy Majesty in all the awards and the mercy of his royal ukazati, as envoys from our us your Imperial Majesty will humbly biti ". Let

note that the autocrat king Hetman calls not only great, but Minor Rusii, and spoke of his willingness to serve the king "for ever".

Next are the articles themselves, and the first of these refers to sovereign Hetman requesting confirmation of the rights and liberties of the Zaporozhian, ie Roster Cossacks:

"1. In the beginning, if you please your Majesty podtverditi law and volnosti our army, as happened in the centuries of Zaporozhian that their rights narrowed, and its volnosti were in good and in the courts, that no military leader, no Boyar, nor in the courts stolnik army not intervened, but from their elders in order Association were narrowed: where three men of the Cossacks, then two must Tret'yago judge ".

This paper received the following resolution:

", This article pointed out the emperor and nobles were sentenced to be so, in their petition ".

"2. Zaporozhian including 60,000 so it was always full.

official indicated Tsar and the boyars sentenced be alone, in their petition, 60,000 people ".

In Article3rd said on the Rights of the gentry, who took the oath of allegiance king, "... so when their volnostyah Gentry stayed, and between themselves Senior robbed on Uryadov ship and its good and volnosti as in koroleh Polski happened, and so different, seeing such an award thy king Majesty, bend in the region and a strong high hand and your king Majesty of the Christian world. "Then it was said about the preservation old order of proceedings and the property rights of the gentry.

"Sim articles pointed out the emperor and nobles to be sentenced for their petition ".

"4. In gorodeh chiefs of our people were so strip out decent, which should be the subjects of your Majesty corrected or urezhati, and Parish nalezhachey, in truth, in the treasury of your Majesty otdavati.

official indicated Emperor and nobles to be sentenced for their petition, and be alone b sergeant village elder, bailiffs, raytsam, fin, and income and cash grain and all the sovereign sbirati and give to the sovereign's coffers so lyudem, where the emperor would send, and to lyudem whom to Toe teams Treasury emperor would send over those collectors looking to make the truth ".

This item was repeated in the list of articles of March 21, numbered 1-m.

"5. At the hetman's mace, which is absolutely with all accessories Starosty Chigirinsky, and so now for the entire series stayed.

official indicated Emperor and nobles to be sentenced for their petition.

6. God forbid, the death of Hetman - Inasmuch as every one man is mortal, without which nemochno be alone - to Zaporozhian itself between himself elected hetman, and His Majesty sends word so that His Majesty is not in grief was Inasmuch as that prescriptive army.

Emperor indicated the boyars to be sentenced for their petition.

7. Hymenaeus kazattskih so no one took away: that the earth has all his belongings since land, so that when those names voluntarily owned. Widows, after the rest of the Cossacks, and their children to such Well volnosti had as fathers and their fathers.

Being in their petition ".

In Articles from 8 th to 11 th discussed the allocation of monetary and mills "to feed", respectively clerk army, Colonel judges troop, Captain troop and regimental.

In Article 12 of the first dealt with the allocation of funds "for military and crafts projectile on the gunners and all the people in workhouses projectiles, as well as Oboznov. This

issues were discussed in paragraphs 2 nd, 3 rd and 4 th in the list of articles of March 21.

"13. Rights, it is absolutely out of centuries of princes and kings, both spiritual and worldly lyudem, so nothing had been violated.

Emperor granted, ordered to be on that.

14. Ambassadors, who from the age of chyuzhih land come to Zaporozhian, so Pan and Hetman Zaporozhian, which were for the good, the wave is taken to that His Majesty was not in grief, but Stoob had his anti His Majesty be alone, we should His Majesty izveschati.

Emperor indicated and the boyars verdict: the ambassadors of good deeds and prinimati otpuskati, but the What deeds have come and what otpus