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evolution of man from apes, more precisely: how it was not

Vertyanov SY

Modern more people with school-age children accustomed to refer to Darwin's hypothesis as to great scientific discoveries. Every year, each generation of schoolchildren explains that the work done for millions of years from the monkey man. Children enduring and stick-diggers, and sharp stones as the first guns Labor, and the first glimpses of monkeys unusual animal acumen. Written many fascinating books on this "dawn of mankind." Seem plausible stories about how in the first of these communities still under-men, but not monkeys, it was necessary to communicate, leading to emergence of conditional guttural sounds. As they struggle for existence formed the first family with a primi

Phytopathology

Verification work performed student IV year Kravchuk VG

Moscow State Forest University

Mytishhi, 2005

1. Major groups and types of plant diseases, their brief description, examples. The main groups of pathogenic organisms.

Disease defined as a pathological process that develops in the plant due introduction of pathogens or harmful biotic and abiotic factors. Pathological process is expressed in violation physiological functions in the morphological deviations from the normal state tissues and organs, their withering away or desiccation of all plants. Accompanying decrease in plant productivity, the collapse of the stand, or his death. Distinguish communicable and noncommunicable diseases of forest trees.

Horner's syndrome in dogs

syndrome Horner (Horner) recorded dogs, cats, horses, and humans.

Clinical signs: sunken eye apple, small pupil, raised third eyelid and lowered the top. This animal does not feel any pain.

Of all dogs diagnosed with syndrome Horner's "90% or more - adult golden retrievers. At the 2 spot on the frequency of this pathology cocker spaniels.

Etiology: This pathology develops if damaged part of the sympathetic nervous system. The nerve which carries out sympathetic innervation of the eye, passes from the brain through the spinal cord the chest cavity, then turns back, runs in the throat and through the cavity of the ear comes to the eye.

damage may occur in the brain,

study animals' ability to generalize and abstraction.

Zorina Zoya A., Poletaeva Inga I.

data on the operations of generalization and abstraction, constitute an important property of thinking of animals. Summary experimental procedures, which are used to study these functions. Examples of traits that can generalize animals (absolute, relative, abstract, etc.). Determination of available animal level of generalization and abstraction (doponya-Tiina, "natural" concept (category) preverbal concepts, symbols). Specific examples of the classic works of NI Ladygino-Cotes (1923), O. Koehler (1956), C. Boysen (Boysen, 1993), LA Firsov (1982, 1993), as well as from the latest research. Process Description synthesis features ( "symmetry", "novelt

Introduction.

development of scientific bases of environmental management and conservation can be successful only when a detailed study of all components biogeocenoses. In the life of natural communities significant role belongs to the birds, so the knowledge of various aspects of their life, including the processes of reproduction and individual development, remains one of the central problems of Ornithology (Malczewski, 1959). Equally important study biocenotic ties birds, which is the basis for assessing their role in natural processes, and practical significance. Among the most important tasks of modern ornithological science - increased attention to the study of individual species, which ultim

structure and physiological features of fish

Oglovlenie

body shape and how the movement

Integuments fish

musculoskeletal system and electric organs

Digestive System

respiratory system and gas exchange (New)

Circulatory System

nervous system and sensory organs

endocrine glands

Yadonosnost and the toxicity of fish

body shape of fish and how the movement of fish

body shape should provide an opportunity to move the fish in the water (the medium, significantly more dense than air) with the least expenditure of energy and with a speed corresponding to its vital needs.
The shape of the body, corresponding to these requirements, to develop in fish as a result o

Order ODONATA (dragonflies) has, in the world fauna, according to various sources from 3600 (7) 4500 (10) species, including the only country in central Europe 80 species inhabit the representatives of this order. This is the most ancient insects, in the evolution of the remaining primitive. The most ancient remains of dragonflies belong to the Carboniferous period, and very few of them, in particular the Jurassic period, only superficially similar to some modern forms.

Systematic position of the detachment following:

CLASS - INSEKTA

DIVISION - PTERIGOTA

DEPARTMENT - HEMIMETABOLA

Phylum - ODONATOIDEA

DETACHMENT - ODONATOPTERA

?

Dragonflies - medium or large sizes (up to 13 cm long) predatory insects characterized by gr

If the fish are not multiply

Have you face the fact that the fish often spawn in your aquarium, suddenly cease to produce offspring? It can be guppies, and Zebrafish, and Rosy barb, and others. Personally, I understand this issue led guppies.

When my guppies suddenly "capricious", I involuntarily recalled the conditions under which these fish bred without a hitch.

Now it difficult to imagine. In a communal apartment one small room for a family of three. Two small aquarium (20-30 liters)-one by the window, the other on box-more set limit. In winter, the room is always cool, but the water in aquaria heated electric light only when absolutely necessary. The main food-dried Daphnia and Cyclops. In one aquarium-fish s

Features GNI Rights

first and second signaling systems

Getting the pilot study of higher nervous activity, Pavlov emphatically rejected the idealistic notion of a supernatural nature human mental activity. His presentation is fully consistent ideas of Lenin, who in 1894 wrote: "You can not talk about the soul, not explaining, in particular, the mental processes: progress here should consist is to throw the general theory and philosophical construct that a soul, and be able to put on a scientific basis the study of the facts, characterizing these or other mental processes. " Lenin welcomed that "... Research psychologist, rejected the philosophical theory of the soul and straight took up the study of the material substrate of mental phenomena - the

Lions

Of all the wild animals with which man shares his planet, a huge cat has always inspired him greatest respect and captivated his imagination. This, of course, is the lion. Ever since then, when people began to observe the world around us and think of the symbols, he revered lion and the royal beast endowed qualities that he valued above all else to be with others, - the nobility, courage, loyalty, power invincible soldier and the magnificence of love. The ancient Egyptians made the lion emblem of divine power and royal dignity. The Assyrians and the Greeks saw lions satellites goddesses. In early Christian art, the lion turns symbolized Saint Mark, St. Jerome, and even Christ himself - as "the lion of the tribe Judah. Later lions - rearing

extinct animals

Verification work discipline "Biology"

completed Group

3-25

UdSU

Department of Biology

Izhevsk, 2001

In this paper we consider the control of extinct Animals - Steller's cormorant and Quagga.

Steller Cormorant

By November 1741 Commander Nitus Berisha returned to Kamchatka coast after a long voyage in the mists of the unknown seas, the opening and descriptions of the north-west coast of America and the Aleutian Islands, but, alas, crashed - the flagship of the packet-boat "Saint Peter" was thrown at riffs from an unknown island. Ahead was wintering, the construction of new debris ship, return to the harbor of Petropavlovsk.

Beast on Sovushki similar,

Referred Cat,

on chest sits in the hallway,

surrounding himself by his tail. Through slits

-prischurki,

flickers in the darkness, he

on his furry skin,

flourish million. Neither

Purring and no myava.

It is so important because

What now come on x and z I,

and will serve him ...

(Author unknown ...)

General characteristics of the genus.

CATS - (Felidae)

Cats - genus of mammals, a detachment of predators, the cat family.

known from the Upper Oligocene.

body length from 40 to 180 cm, tail length from 18 to 90 cm, ie, the size - from small to large.

head rounded, the tail is long. Limbs relatively long, paltsehodyaschie. Front - 5-palye (the first finger a l

elementary thinking, or rational activity, animals: basic concepts and methods of study.

Zorina Zoya A., Poletaeva Inga I.

main experimental data on the thinking of animals the ability of emergency to deal with new challenges, for which they have no "Ready" solutions. Analysis of the basic views on the nature of thinking animals. Definition of requirements that must be followed when planning, holding and processing the results of experiments. Description of study methods rational activity in animals. Comparison of experiments on the gun activities and characteristics of its manifestations in the life of animals in natural conditions. Brief comparative characteristics of the solution of elementary logical tasks of different taxonomic groups of animals. Ju

ability of animals to symbolization

Zorina Zoya A., Poletaeva Inga I.

Analysis of the ability of animals of different species to symbolization, which is customarily regarded as a biological premise of the second signal system (speech) rights. The first approach to studying this issue using conventional laboratory experiments -- Detection in chimpanzees and birds ability to assimilate and use of symbols (numbers) to assess the sets and commit to these symbols of operations, similar arithmetic. The second approach - training of great apes intermediate language (sign language, computer language "yerkish", etc.). Description features "language" skills of chimpanzees trained in different programs; consideration of their differences from the natural

Gusinsky Vladimir Aleksandrovich

(b. October 6, 1952)

Russia said in the camp jargon - it is because he was a lot of people. I would very much wanted a country in which we live, entirely absorbed in that world. This is my greatest desire.

Vladimir Gusinsky

Born October 6, 1952 in Moscow.

Grandfather Gusinsky was shot in 1937. Grandmother at the same time was arrested and spent 9 years in Stalin's camps.

In 1973 graduated from the Institute of Petrochemical and Gas Industry name Gubkin. Been serving in the army himrazvedki in Ukraine.

In 1980, Vladimir Gusinsky, graduated from the directing department GITIS of A. Lunacharskogo. Diploma play by Moliere's "Tartuffe" he set in the Regional Tula thea

Armand Hammer

He

remained in history as the largest and most wealthy friend of the Soviet Union, as billionaire, a criminal and a beggar. Last of the Mohicans, one of the most celebrated tycoons of the twentieth century.

can say that he was born twice. The first time it happened in the family of former Odessa townspeople at the end of XIX century. The second time - 23 years in the office of chief world proletariat, Vladimir Lenin. Then the guest has a private conversation with Ilich nearly four hours. And since all the Soviet leaders, except Stalin considered it an honor to meet hi

Genetic Engineering

Gene Engineering appears the 70-ies. as a new branch of molecular biology, home objective of which - the active and purposeful alteration genrv living beings their design, ie the management of heredity.

Gene Engineering - Section of Molecular Genetics, associated with tselenopravlennym creation of in vitro new combinations genneticheskogo material capable of breeding at host cell and synthesize the final products of metabolism. Originated in 1972, when in the laboratory P. Berg (Stanford University, USA) was obtained first recombinant (hybrid) DNA (rekDNK), which were soedeniny DNA fragments of phage lambda and Escherichia coli with a ring DNKobezyarego virus SV40.

Klyuchevoe value when design rekDNK in vit

General characteristics of the major groups of diseases and pests.

plant diseases.

Diseases plants are caused by different physical and chemical factors (temperature impact, moisture, radiation, industrial pollution, etc.) and phytopathogenic microorganisms. Depending on the nature of the damaging factor in all diseases Plants are divided into non-infectious and infectious. The first related to the action physico-chemical factors, the latter - with the action of pathogenic microorganisms. Causes and the emergence of noncommunicable diseases is very varied. The most common diseases caused by lack or an excess of mineral nutrition elements. With a lack of nitrogen, for example, is blanching the leaves and their extinction. In the case of ph

Proteaceae

SV Melnikova

In Recently in our country appears more and more shops, where you can seen in the sale of dried plants for decorative flower arrangements. There are known to all dense brown ears Rogoza (often incorrectly called "cane"), feather dusters with long awns, stems and bamboo coconuts ...

But Perhaps most attracted the attention of buyers of exotic dried flowers -- large, rigid inflorescences in bright wrappers, somewhat resembling a huge painted thistles or amusing bottle brushes. Most of wonders - the plant family Proteaceae. For many of us they are a novelty, but European fans of whimsical creations of nature known for several centuries.

Proteaceae (Proteaceae) - quite an extensive bo

Chemical and biological processes in the aquarium

the aquarium continuously going on nutrient cycling, whose value extremely important. Chemical and biological processes in water aquarium closely linked, affect each other.

very large importance for the life of fish and plants are the activities of microorganisms. She affect the chemical composition of water and its natural gas mode. An important role plants. They absorb dissolved carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. In addition, plants with bacteria digest different organic compounds that are harmful to fish.

the aquarium is a constant oxygen consumption, at the same time produces carbon dioxide, which combines with water, forms carbonic acid. Oxygen is consumed at normal meta

Blue oblikvidens - Haplochromis obliquidens Blue

Haplochromis spec. "obliquidens blue" anatomically very similar to the species Haplochromis obliquidens - the very first cichlids from Lake Victoria, is described more in 1888. Differences appear in the color of the males, the blue oblikvidensa somewhat smaller than the size of the eyes and slightly smaller size scales. Dominant males have a bright blue color of the head, dorsal fin and the sides. Blue or blue dorsal fin has an orange border, and its rear end with soft rays dotted with red-orange spots. Caudal fin painted in bright orange or bright red. Anal fin yellowish-orange with pronounced roe relatively large yellow patches. Females silvery-gray with tran

Progeny from sinodontisov.

Suborder somovidnye (Siluroidei), despite the abundance of interesting species, to this day is essentially aquarium. Today time in amateur aquaria widespread only representatives sem.Callichthyidae (mainly genus Corydoras) and sem.Loricanidae (genera Loricaria and Ancistrus). Representatives of other families known to the general mass aquarists mainly from the literature. But these magnificent fish, a glass Brown bullhead (Kryptopterus bicirrhis), an angelic peristousy som (Synodontis angelicus), Brown bullhead-Changeling (Synodontis nigriventris), Siamese orca (Leiocassis siarnensis), and many others are the perfect decoration domestic reservoir. Many species of the same are different and interesting b

katranoobraznye (squaliformes).

BSU, 2003

K this detachment belong sharks have two dorsal fins with spines or without them, and deprived of the anal fin. They are found in cold and warm areas along the coast and in the open ocean, in the upper layers of water and large depth.

In detachment composed of three families - the prickly shark (dalatiidae) and stellate Shark (echinorhinidae).

family prickly, or katranovye sharks (squalidae).

In this family together rather small sharks, a characteristic feature which are the sharp thorns in front of the first and second dorsal fins. Known 9 genera and about two dozen species katranovyh sharks. They occur in all seas and oceans.

K this family

morphological-anatomical study of nectaries in representatives of the family Ranunculaceae Yaroslavl region

ON SOBOLEV, EF Chernyakovskaya

nectaries as part of the flower appeared in the early stages of the flowering plants, and their evolution was parallel with the emergence of more sophisticated forms of the flower. Nectaries are morphologically different entities, consisting a small group of secretory cells or from the complex histological expressed tissue capable of intense selection secretion containing sugar, vitamins, enzymes, amino acids and some biologically active substance.

nectaries attracted the attention of botanists at the end of XVI century. Their biological significance was defined by the great explorer of natur

Diseases birds caused by Salmonella

Salmonellosis - the disease of many species domestic and wild birds, occurs in the form of septicemia and diarrhea in young animals and latent bacteria carrying adult birds. Pathogen - Salmonella (S. typhimurium in 90% of cases, and others).

In chickens, sparrows, pigeons recorded pulloroz-fever, which is called S. pullorum-gallinarum.

Epizootology

Epizootological outbreaks often recorded in waterfowl (ducks, geese) and pigeons.

also suffer nightingales, piggy, thrushes, bullfinch, parrots and other birds.

most sensitive youngsters from 1 to 20-day life. Primary outbreaks occur when skidding of the pathogen with bacillicarriers-birds, hatching eggs and feed.

Diseases of teeth and oral cavity in dogs

Ekaterina Loginova

In veterinary clinic are often called dog owners, complaining of a bad smell from the jaws of their pet's appetite for the deterioration of the animal, the appearance of clear pain when you try to grab a toy or a stick. Visiting the clinic with this problem usually occurs in very old age animal and is often seen as "old age" problems. It happens such that the owner has a complaint to another problem, but when viewed Oral veterinarian comes to horror: the dog can still have a those teeth? Of all the dogs, whose owners bring to the reception to veterinarian, approximately 80-85% are rather serious problems with the oral cavity.

In young dental problems, a