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chain reaction speciation Alexander Markov

U.S. biologists have received dramatic confirmation of the theory that growth biodiversity may be autocatalytic (self-accelerating) process. Flies Rhagoletis pomonella, larvae of which live in the fruits of hawthorn on the eyes among scientists and gardeners for 150 years "separated" from a new species that has become dangerous pest of apple trees. As it turned out, it was a stimulus for speciation in wasps, parasitic on these flies. For their part, riders stimulate the formation of species of flies, causing them to move to new plants.

Biologists long suspected that speciation may be self-accelerating process. The emergence of new species creates a potential new niches, which ca

isotopic composition Rights From

What is the human body? Besides the fact that, like any matter of human body is made of building blocks - the atoms, the atoms of one species differ number of elementary particles, their components, ie, have the property isotopy. To make it easier to operate with numbers, imagine some person whose weight is 50 ? kg. Then on the oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen have a total of 48.3 ? kg. All other elements - the remaining 1.3 kg. Using Table natural isotope abundance, it is easy to calculate how much to this hypothetical man contains those or other isotopes. Most of man oxygen (30.481 ? kg). This means that the oxygen isotope with mass number 16 (denoted 16O) in man 30.4 kg, the isotope with mass number 17 (17O)

Mimicry

In the evolution of some organisms begin to imitate others - or to scare off potential predators, signaling the danger, or to buy similarity to those species which are taken to avoid.

In According to the theory of evolution, living organisms tend to develop the traits and characteristics that increase their fitness, ie ability to pass on their genes to the next generation. Some species That evolution has become a striking resemblance to other species - a phenomenon called mimicry.

Y many species in the process of their development system was formed early warning, warning of potential opponents - remember the white stripes skunk or striking striped stinging insects like wasps or bees. The reason for the formation of s

What and how is encoded in the mRNA

Lev P. Ovchinnikov, Doctor of Biological Sciences

Moscow State University. MV University

BRIEF HISTORY DISCOVERY mRNA

In early 50-ies Francis Crick formulated his famous central dogma molecular biology, according to which the genetic information from DNA to proteins transmitted through the RNA pattern of DNA RNA protein. The process of RNA synthesis on the template DNA called transcription, the process of protein synthesis in the matrix RNA - translation.

In Years 1956-1957 AN Belozersky and AS Spirin showed that the significant differences in the nucleotide composition of DNA from different organisms, the nucleotide composition of Total RNA was very similar. Based on these data, they came to sensat

Symbiosis

known three forms of symbiosis - mutualism, commensalism and parasitism.

Symbiosis (from the Greek. symbiosis ?living together") - is a close community living organisms belonging to different species. Such a community can take different forms depending on the nature of relations between the two species and from that these relations are useful or harmful. Relations that are useful for both species, called mutualism. If the relations are useful for one side and indifferent for the second, they are called commensalism. Relationships are harmful to one side and useful to the other, called parasitism.

Nature There are numerous examples of symbiotic relationship which benefits both partners. For example, the nitrogen cy

concept of modern science. Brief history of biology as a science

completed student of 1 year Group ESH-0845 Molchanov Anastasia

Humanities - Economics and information - Institute of Technology

Moscow in 2009

1.Vvedenie

Concept - is the main point of view, the leading idea or principle in the knowledge of private or general phenomena of nature and man. There

Two definitions of concepts of science:

1) Natural - Is the science of nature as a single integrity.

2) Natural - A collection of the natural sciences, considered as a whole.

On first glance, these two definitions are different. In fact, between these two definitions are no big differences, because under the "totality of Sciences means n

capacity of the nitrogen cycle in the system soil - fertilizer - plant

Assoc. Bosieva OI, Assoc. Pliyev EA

Department of Plant Industry.

Gorsky State Agricultural University

Introduction 90 - 180 kg / ha of nitrogen in the complete mineral fertilizer reduces the negative values for balance, but not completely eliminate them.

known that the fertilizing effect on the yield, chemical composition of plants and consumption of batteries from the soil. As a result, the capacity of biological cycle changes.

Introduction nitrogen in the complete mineral fertilizer increases the amount of nitrogen, involved in a biological cycle. For example, the control plants triticale (N0 P0 R0) in the flowering st

Tolstohvosty bushbabies

Marina Dutta

Exotic animal - tolstohvosty galago. What we know about him?

Tolstohvosty galago - is quite unusual, truly exotic and interesting animal, which represents a cross between a cat, squirrel and small, pretty dog. From

Cats have bushbabies - a big fluffy tail, which, however, can be considered and "Squirrel" feature. Insinuating, graceful movements and pretty faces so same mother animal with home Murko. From

proteins from him, along with the cat's ingratiating manner, e

burmeses? Daria

Chernetskaya

Cat - One of the few animals, the simple contemplation of which can bring great aesthetic pleasure.

Burma has not only looks delicious, but also pronounced indevidualnostyu. Who ever seen Burma, do not forget it never and the mention of it immediately imagine a strong, well-built animal, with a stunning silky fur, playing in the sun, and penetrating into the heart of the golden eyes eye.

Beauty burmanskoy cats - "golden mean", a combination of classic elegance and strictness in clothes. There is nothing &quo

Some data on the content of chemical elements in honey plants and their transformation into honey

Ass. Kotsur LN, prof. Vasiliadi GK

Department of Technology Products catering.

North Caucasus Mining and Metallurgical Institute (State Technological University)

Completed review the content of chemical elements in bee honey. The level content of some chemical elements in honey plants and their transformation in honey.

Bee appeared at 50 - 60 thousand years before man [1]. Written Monuments 3000 BC indicate that Egypt was well developed beekeeping and the Egyptians valued the bees. In the first dynasty of pharaohs to the Roman time on the emblems, as well as on the tombs, it shows a bee. Great Homer (Home

Who is musk?

Lana Vasilyev

Kabarga - Very small hornless deer. Despite the fact that musk deer and attributed to family of deer, they have no horns, no tear troughs under the eyes. A male generally located on the sides of his mouth long fangs like a wild boar, which grow all life.

Due absence of conventional horns musk deer's head looks small compared to body. The fur of small animals rough and long, dark brown. On the back and sides rows stretch bright spots. Large protruding eyes always look frightened.

Kabarga prefers mountainous terrain. Not necessarily live in the high mountains, it enough small rocks or cliffs, covered with coniferous forest, where it is not 'll get wolves, foxes and stray

medicinal and forage value vitlufa

Asp. Gogaeva ZE,

prof. Bekuzarova SA

Department of Plant and Botany.

Gorsky State Agricultural University

Vitluf contains inulin, fructose, micro-and macro elements, vitamins, and is a valuable fodder and medicinal plants. Especially rich in its biochemical composition distillation kochanchikov in winter time.

In Recently, despite the intensive development of scientific technologies in medicine, more and more attention of researchers and health workers paid to non-traditional methods of treatment. One of the most effective and promising directions in this area is the herbal medicine, ie treatment with through a variety of plants and their ingredients. This pl

disappeared Steller's Sea Cow?

Elena Kravchuk

History Steller cow - this is a sad story about how careless mankind comes with good and trusting creatures. My

familiarity with the sea cow (or rather, with what was left of it) was held in early childhood during an excursion in the museum, located in my home town of Khabarovsk. The huge skeleton of an unknown to me being made on I was an unforgettable impression. I decided to learn the history of Steller's Sea Cow.

Cow Steller was detected scientist naturalist Georg Steller in 1741 when very tragic circumstances. On the way back from Alaska to Kamchatka ship Vitus Bering expedition was thrown on the shore of an unknown island, where in being fo

Samoyed Ludmila

Maremshaova Who

a Samoyed? White, fluffy and does not suffer ... Font Size: A A A

Go a reservation, that creepy word "self-eater" has no relation to something really terrible. And, moreover, has no relation to gastronomic predilections onogo beast. A beast that has a dog. Originally Russia, the northern species, the number of which was almost lost, and This breed is preserved only through the work of foreign enthusiasts end of 19 -- early 20 century. Somewhere in the Far North of Russia is a "native" dogs Samoyed breed still exist, but their

zoomorphic image

Valentina Ponomareva Why

A clear Finist dubbed Falcon?

In the traditional culture of ancient peoples falcon was a great honor. He shared with the eagle a significant part of its solar (solar) symbolism expressed enthusiasm and victory, and freedom and, therefore, hope for staying in the bonds, including moral. A golden falcon designated space harmony.

Sample warrior and the warrior-king

image falcon personified excellence, strong desire, spirit, light. He was a symbol boldness and courage, pride and nobil

Balance chemical composition - ochobhoe condition for growth and plant development

Asp. Pliyev EA, stud. Berezov MT, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Bosieva OI

Department of Plant and Botany.

Gorsky State Agricultural University

On experimental data revealed antagonistic and synergistic relationship between macro-and micronutrients. Found that Zn and Fe, Cu and N, Cu and P, Cu and K, Zn and Mn act as antagonists. Such interactions can related to the ability of one element to inhibit or stimulate absorption of other elements of the plants.

Optimization Mineral nutrition - an actual problem of formation of ecological systems agriculture. The interaction of chemical elements has the same meaning for p

What we know about the Body, or what the most intelligent bird?

Yuri Moskalenko There is

view that the most intelligent bird - the owl. And even Masters elite club "What? Where? When? "As a reward is given crystal owl.

fact that the wise owl - rather misleading. It is believed a holdover from the ancient Romans and Greeks, for whom the owl symbolizes wisdom and was a companion and attribute of the goddess Athena (Minerva). From

Athenian tradition has its origins and the wise owl of European fairy tales and fables, and an owl, sitting on a pile of books - an emblematic image of wisdom. This

same opinion Indians of North America. The feathers of an owl in their head dress, served as protection.

Koala: what we know about marsupials bear?

Daria Vereshchak

This leisurely cute animal belongs to a unique family of koalas, or koala bear, which includes a single species. It inhabits only Australia and several nearby islands. And although this furry animal often called the bear, in fact, to bears, he has no relations.

James Cook did not notice koalas during his famous voyage to the shores of Australia. About existence furry marsupials bears the Europeans did not know until 1798, when in the Blue Mountains Price saw some animals, similar to South American sloths. Locals called them kullavayn. After the meeting, fluffy Handsome came across people's eyes more often.

For Science koalas became known in 1802, a yea

Enzymes

Enzymes - Proteins that have catalytic activity.

Enzymes are functional units of cellular metabolism.

Enzymes specific, ie catalyze only specific reactions involving specific substrates.

For of all the enzymes necessary for the specific pH, temperature.

For of some enzymes rather polypeptide chain from which they are (Pancreatic ribonuclease), for the work of other necessary cofactors -- inorganic substances (eg, ions Fe2 +, Mn2 +, Zn2 +), or organic substance - nucleotides, or both.

prosthetic Group - coenzymes are permanently connected to the enzyme (heme of hemoglobin).

holoenzyme - A catalytically active enzyme with all polypeptide chains, cofactors and coenzymes. <

Apoptosis

Apoptosis - Programmed cell death in response to external or internal signals. Apoptosis occurs during normal development, but may be the result cancer, HIV, Alzheimer's disease.

prevalence in nature

In times the normal development of the organism apoptosis occurs in cells during formation of form or structure of the body. Example during the formation of limb mice, some cells undergo apoptosis and formed fingers.

Apoptosis during normal development of mouse limbs. Cells undergoing apoptosis (left), labeled in yellow. The same limb (right) in one day. [Alberts]

interesting that some birds such as ducks have webbed toes, whereas other birds such as chicken, no webbing.

Parthenogenesis. Undivided motherhood

Oleg Makarov

Most of the world living divided half. By sex. At half female and half male. Having offspring production case of two individuals instead of one, nature has made a step forward, since the mixing genetic material gives a chance for the emergence of a viable organisms

But there is a way back. Sometimes because various reasons females, giving life to their offspring, cost, so to speak, without Pope ... This phenomenon is in scientific usage, the name "parthenogenesis" - from two Greek words "partenos (maid) and "Genesis" (offspring). Generally speaking, we know from childhood, that new organisms may well occur without there stamens and pistils. Bush strawber

What do birds sing?

Khomenkov A. Why

birds for so long and sing beautifully in the spring awakening of the woods?

Scientists still did not really know it. Now ornithologists have concluded that now "the problem is not likely to challenge the objective nature of a function of songs and to focus efforts on an exhaustive roster of those functions "(Simkin, 1972, pp. 41). But Whether this will be a comprehensive listing relates only to the "earth" problem biological expediency?

First motive birdsong was associated ornithologists with attracting males of females (Life of Animals, 1986, Vol 6, pp. 21). Even cursory examination of data on the timing of singing birds and time their nesting reveals a dis

Linen

Summary fulfilled: Vologin Sirozha V.

Vocational School ? 47

Totma, 2009, Mr.

flax seed (flax usual)

scientific, historical and ethnographic facts about flax

generic name from the Greek "linon" - thread.

Homeland flax - India, where 9 thousand years ago, was made the first linen fabric. Linen considered a plant of ancient Egyptian goddess of fertility and motherhood Isis.

Genus flax in the world has more than 200 species, widely cultivated in many countries - from the subtropics to the northern latitudes. In Russia grows more than 40 species, but in the culture of the greatest importance flax (flax spinning), grown mainly in the fiber, and flax, which is

Probability in biology

Summary

Artist: student 422gr. Natalia

Institute of Economy and Finance of the Tyumen State Agricultural Academy

Tyumen, 2003

Phenomena random order, what at first glance appear separately mutations going in different directions, eventually reveal the natural process.

Vavilov.

In the transmission from generation to generation the genetic program as a result of many reasons for changing random and not directed, and only by chance, these changes are adapted.

BM Mednikov.

Great set of events and phenomena takes place in the world around us. Events linked - Some of them are the result (outcome) of the other and, in turn, serve cause third. Peering into a giant whirlpoo

Development of Darwin's theory of the origin of species.

Victor Oskin

Darwin's theory explains evolution, but not explains how and why life arose on Earth in all its diversity. Why of human sperm outgrow it man. And not a monkey. It could not be explained at the time of Darwin, because it was not known anything on the airwaves, the electricity, the computers on the Internet, the programs and film, distributed by the energy waves. Now we turn to concepts of nanotechnology, which brought us close to the parameters of energy which filled the entire cosmos.

today from physics we know that radio waves are electromagnetic fluctuations of energy (hereinafter simply - energy) propagating in space. Thus, in the main, that is carryi

population of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) on the island Tyuleny

Summary

student of III year, 311 groups, specialty "Ecology" Gennady Savchenko

Head. Department of Botany and Ecology, Otsenka____________________

Ph.D., Professor VN Efanov

Sakhalin State University

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 2008

Introduction

In nature of every existing species is a complex set or even a system intraspecific groups, which include in their composition of individuals with specific features of the structure, physiology and behavior. This intraspecific association of individuals and the population is. Population - an elementary group of organisms certain type, to a relatively homogeneous space and capab

bismuth sulfide from multicomponent materials hydrometallurgical way

Asp. Svistunov IY, prof. Alkatsev MI Department of ferrous metallurgy metals. North-Caucasian State Technological University

investigated leaching of bismuth sulfide concentrate hydrochloric acid. On basis of the mathematical model proposed optimal parameters process (acid concentration, temperature, time).

purpose study was the extraction of bismuth sulfide from multicomponent concentrate, a byproduct of one of the flotation mills, leaching solutions of hydrochloric acid. The content of bismuth in concentrate was 0,52%.

Leaching carried out in thermostatically bottle agitator, allowing the process to in the hydrodynamic regime with a

theory of the origin of life

Introduction

Theories concerning the origin of Earth and life on it, and the entire universe diverse and far from authentic. According to the theory of steady state Universe existed forever. According to other hypotheses, the universe could arise from a bunch of neutrons as a result of "Big Bang", was born in one of the black hole, or was created by the Creator. Contrary to the image ideas, science can not disprove the thesis of the divine creation Universe, as well as theological views do not necessarily reject the possibility that life in the process of its development has acquired traits explainable on the basis of the laws of nature. Among

many theories of life on earth look at the main: life was created a sup

Transport Phenomena in Liquids

Term paper on the topic:

Completed: Student 1 course Slobin D.

Tyumen State University. Tyumen

2008.

Introduction.

We examined only the properties of gases and solids and did not discuss the properties of liquids. Liquid state is much more difficult theoretical treatment compared with the gas and solid. It is determined that the state (solid and gas) are the limits for any substance in sufficient low (or high) temperatures and sufficiently high (or low) pressures.

Liquid state is an intermediate in its nature. Naturally, some critical point of the liquid is close to the properties of the gas, and temperature, close to the melting point, - to the solid.

This circumstance le

pathogenic protozoa

Total characterization

simply inserted into the kingdom Protozoa, in which distinguish 7 types, in part 3 of them - Apicomptexa, Ciliophora, Sarcomastigophora are pathogenic to humans species. Most of the simplest leads saprofitichesky lifestyle, living in the soil, water, fresh and salt water. There are about 25,000 different species, about 7000 species are pathogenic to plants, animals and humans.

Simple - single-celled organisms size from 3 to 150 microns, which are at a higher level of organization Compared with bacteria that are differentiated one or more nuclei specialized digestive and contractile vacuoles. Cytoplasm divided into the inner layer - endoplasm, containing all the structures

cow parsnip

Natalia Antonova

On our meadows, near the houses and just near the roads more often to see the giant herbaceous plants, like trees ... This cow parsnip. The people have such Legend ...

Once just woke up in the spring bear, escaped from his den, and feeling increased hunger, went to a nearby village to get something to eat. He walked the streets so his nose pulled the air until they smelled appetizing smell. He climbed it into the house through a window, scared the hostess to fainting, grabbed a pot of borscht and ran away, but the pot was hot, burnt bear, howling in pain and dropped from his clutches. Overturned pot, soup and poured onto the ground, but in its place grew huge plant, which is called cow par

Surface-active substances. Natural and synthetic. Their advantages and disadvantages

Surfactants substances (SAS) - chemical compounds that, by focusing on the surface interface, causing reduction of surface tension.

main quantitative characteristic of surfactants is the surface activity -- a substance to reduce the surface tension at the interface -- is a derivative of surface tension on surfactant concentration tends to C zero. However, SAC has a limit of solubility (the so-called critical micelle concentration or CMC), with the achievement of which you add Surfactant in the solution concentration at the interface remains constant, but at the same time is self-organization of surfactant molecules in the bulk solution (micelle or aggregation). As a result of such

Green Revolution

Number population increases exponentially, whereas food intake increases arithmetic progression. Therefore, there is always the risk that stocks of food enough not to all. In the second half of the twentieth century the introduction of new agriculture crops has led to a sharp increase in food production.

In Throughout its history, humanity led an unceasing struggle for the fact to learn how to produce food in quantity necessary for all emerging new members of society. According to the British clergyman and economist Thomas Malthus (Thomas Malthus, 1766-1834): ?I believe that just two postulates. First, the food necessary for human existence. Secondly, attraction between the two sexes is necessary and will be supported by so

genes control behavior, and behavior - genes Alexander Markov

Journal Science published a series of review and theoretical articles on relationship of genes and behavior. Recent data of genetics and neurobiology indicate the complexity and ambiguity of this relationship. Genes affect even the such complex aspects of human behavior, as family and community relations and political activities. However, there is the opposite influence behavior in the work of genes and their evolution.

Genes affect our behavior, but their power is not unlimited

Good knows that behavior is largely dependent on genes, although the strict determinism in most cases, however. The genotype determines not behavior as such, but rather the general principles of neural circui

types of whales. Help

Cetaceans (Cetacea) - Ordo exclusively aquatic mammals, which includes whales, dolphins and porpoises.

Whales breathe air through lungs, are warm-blooded, feed calves milk from the mammary glands and have some (albeit rather small) wool. Body fusiform, streamlined body like a fish. Fins sometimes also called flippers, are lopasteoobrazny view. At the end of the tail is standing in a fin comb, which acts as a stabilizer and to move forward with the vertical movements.

Body cetaceans covered with smooth shiny skin, which facilitates the sliding of the water. The head is very large and broad. The neck is shortened so that the outer limit between the head and torso are not noticeable. Outer ear there, but the

Social behavior of normal cells and anti-social behavior tumor cells.

Markovic Vasiliev, doctor Medical Sciences

INTRODUCTION. Microenvironment CELL

Behavior cells in the body is determined by the environment immediately surrounding this cell. This microenvironment consists of the components of three types: a) the neighboring cells, b) extracellular surface, which contacts the cell, for example, surfaces of collagen fibers and other fibers, the cells (so called the extracellular matrix), and c) a liquid medium: tissue fluid, blood and lymph. In simplified terms of culture cells also surrounded by a ternary microenvironment: a liquid component is the breeding ground, and among extracellular surface, along with fiber matrix has an internal surface cultures

Antioxidants: Myths and Reality This

feeling that the world has gone crazy for antioxidants. And so they are good, and it ... And cure cancer and prolong life, and wrinkles. No cream can not do without them, no dietary and no glossy article about anti-age. It's time to figure out where is the truth, and where the fruit inflamed imagination.

History Antioxidants should start with oxygen: without it there would be no process oxidation does not appear to "oxidants", that must be addressed.

So oxygen - a powerful oxidizer, chemical reactions with its participation - source energy for all biological processes in the body, but ... side effect these reactions are "oxidants - free radicals - corrosive debris molecul

on the brain in general and of the consequences.

Urynbaev Salavat Habibullaevich, Art. prep. KazNTU, Alma-Ata

Research display of complex systems appear to us in the form of tree structures, beginning with axiomatic or most simple concepts. Can assume that the entire ocean of our emotions and processes associated with them, represented in the form of such structures. To determine the general form of the desired tree, we must find a way to come down with a trembling leaf of own emotions on solid ground of objective laws of the material world. If a similar expectation will analyze all the available types of mental activity, we arrive at conclusion: each sense organ in the brain creates its own description surrounding world, quite independent, although the record may

Birds winter

KV Avilova

Signs winter sometimes appear early: sometimes as early as October in urban woodlands can hear the sad monotone whistle - voices bullfinches. Another voice of winter -- loud Silver trelka. Sound Source is easy to find - almost at the homes without fear of man, fly from tree to tree crested flocks of waxwings.

lonely blacken among the bare branches are inconspicuous in summer spherical sorochi and flat crow's nest. Silence. Only angry puffing great tits, not get along with each other, but gentle "trr-trr" flocks of long-tailed opolovnichkov, inspect the large company birch forest wakes alert.

In birch unwittingly prepare for short-term recovery, escort emergence of a flock chech

antroposotsiogeneza

Herd obezyanolyudey never would become a human society, if their animal freedom would not be limited to the right.

Tverdokhlebov GA (2)

fundamental Honors herds of animals from human society is the presence of human society formed by people's consciousness of social laws.

Antroposotsiogenez is the formation of social laws, through the uncertain and kombinativnoy variability of genotypes with the elimination of those populations, individuals who were the least adapted to subordinate their activities emerging relationship.

Relationships originated in the period of systematic work on hominid making of tools reuse, when the producers of tools began to demand recognition of