Black Holes
Presented the latest data to determine the masses of black holes in X-ray binary star systems. To date, 10 known X-ray binary systems containing massive (with mass greater trehsolnechnyh) X-ray sources - black hole candidates. It is remarkable that none of them had observed the phenomena of X-ray pulsar or Type I X-ray burster.
As you know, the black hole is a region of space-time, in which the gravitational field is so strong that even light can not leave this area. This happens when body size is less than its gravitational radius where G - the gravitational constant, c - the speed of light, M - mass of the body. Gravitational radius of 3 km of the Sun, the Earth - about 9 mm. General Relativity Einstein predicted the amazing properties of black holes, of which the most impo |
Black Holes
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION. Formation of black holes. Gravitational collapse. Gravitational radius. Quantum Radiation BLACK HOLES. Black hole thermodynamics. BLACK HOLES AND THERMODYNAMICS. TEMPERATURE AND black hole entropy. THERMODYNAMICS AND INFORMATION. INFORMATSIOONY APPROACH TO THERMODYNAMICS. ENTROPY AND INFORMATION. BLACK HOLES AND TIME. DECELERATION EFFECT OF TIME ON THE SURFACE OF THE BLACK HOLE. QUANTUM OF SPACE - TIME ON THE SURFACE OF THE BLACK HOLE. TYPES CHERNYHDYR. CONCLUSION. REFERENCES. ? INTRODUCTION. Black holes - objects absolutely fantastic in their properties. "Of all the inventions of the human mind, from unicorns and chimeras t |
Evolution of the Universe
Plan:
1. The cosmological model of the universe. 2. Structure of the Universe: 2.1 Structure of the Universe. 2.2 The Dark Side of the Universe. 3. Evolution of the Universe: 3.1 Standard model of the evolution of the universe. 3.2 An alternative model Alexandra Sof'ina. 1. The cosmological model of the universe. Since gravitational interactions are dominant in the mega-level of organization of matter, cosmological models of the universe must be constructed in accordance with the requirements of the theory of relativity on the basis of actually observed astrophysical phenomena: 1. Homogeneity and isotropy of space. 2. The ultimate intensity of the light flux coming from space. 3. The red shift in the em |
Astrology-stage development of astronomy
CONTENTS
1.Vozniknovenie astrology. 2.What is astrology? 3.Otrasli Astrology. 4.Obschy forecast for 2003 5. Famous astrologers 6. Literature 1.Vozniknovenie astrology. The origin of astrology refers to the earliest period of human history. Already in the Lower Paleolithic, judging by the extant traces of human activity, began observing the sky, were allocated seasons. There is evidence that the Mousterian epoch (40 - 100 thousand years ago) there have been fixing the simplest observations of the motion of the Sun, as well as the initial development of numeracy and geometric constructions in different ways in different parts of Eurasia. And intensive gathering, hunting and demanded attention to the spa |
Endless waters of the universe
"Infinite Water Universe" Astronomy knowledge of Egypt
?...< Br /> from distant areas of the sky in this outer darkness ... The boundaries of its southern, northern, western and eastern unknown ... There goes the solar soul there, because these places are unknown to the gods. No evil there ... The world beyond the grave is - Duat, as well as any place where the shadow of the sky and the shadow of the earth ... "- these words begin one of the most famous monuments of ancient Egyptian astronomy - B |
biographies of astronomers
Aristarchus Belopolsky.
(1854-1934) Aristarchus Belopolsky - Russian Soviet astronomer, academician (from 1903). Born in Moscow. Since 1877, he graduated from Moscow University. His student years he worked at the university observatory, and from 1888 until his death - at the Pulkovo Observatory (and in 1917 - 1919. Was the manager). Activity AA Belopolsky associated with the initial period of development of astrophysics. At the end of XIX century. in astronomy began using new methods of investigations - spectral analysis and photography. AA Belopol'skii successfully used these methods in its astrophysical studies, not just improved the design of devices used and devices. One of the first he began to photograph the comet, the moon during the eclipse, the solar coron |
Biographies astronomov_2
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel.
(1784-1846) German astronomer and mathematician Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel born in small town of Minden in north-west of Germany in a family of small chi- novnika. His life journey Bessel began trading employees. Diligent engaging in self-education, he quickly and successfully mastered the knowledge of mathematics and astronomy. For 20-year old boys Bessel independently calculated the orbit of Halley's Comet. Becoming an assistant to a major astronomer I. Schroeter, Bessel engaged in observations of stars. This work soon brought him the reputation of a prominent astronomer and calculator-ma- subjects. In 1810, Bessel had been invited to Koenigsberg, where he |
All about Mars
Terrestrial planets
MARS WITHOUT MARTIANS Even in ancient times people paid attention to the bright orange star, which from time to time shining in the sky. The ancient Egyptians and the Babylonians called it simply red star. Pythagoras suggested to call her Piraeus, which means "fiery". The ancient Greeks dedicated to the gods all the planets. And of course, for the god of war Ares not find a more appropriate symbol than the reddish star in the black sky. In Roman mythology, the god Ares corresponded to Mars. Since the planet has acquired its current name. However, in Russia until the XVIII century. used the Greek names of the planets and Mars termed Arrisom or Areem. When in 1977 the American astronomer Asaph Hall discovered |
Life and mind in the universe
Contents:
1. Introduction 2. The emergence of mind 3. The emergence of life on Earth 4. The search for life in the solar system Moon Mercury Venus Mars Planets giants Satellites of the planets and comets 5. Conditions for life in outer space The origin of life on planets Zones life Planets near stars 6. Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence They are close to us They were here once visited They master space They want to talk 7. Communication with extraterrestrial civilizations 8. Projects studying extraterrestrial civilizations Ozma and Serendip 9. Language brothers on reason Artificial languages Cosmic messa |
eclipsing variable stars and their possible observations of amateur astronomy
Introduction
This work is devoted to the study of eclipsing variable stars. In the first chapter deals with general information about variable stars, are given the basic concepts of general astronomy course, which are used in the future. The second chapter is devoted directly eclipsing variable stars. Changing their brightness due to recurrent eclipses, when one of the stars appearing in the dual system of blind us to the other. Their study provides information on the size, mass, matter density and temperature of the surface layers of stars - the information on which to a large extent based on the science of the stars. In the third chapter briefly describes the need for amateur observations of variable stars for their detailed study. The coordination of amateur |
disaster in the history of the Earth
Catastrophes in the history of the Earth
In recent years, accumulating more and more evidence that the current face of our planet was formed not only due to the slow evolutionary processes like wind erosion surface, but also because of the relatively short duration, but extremely powerful disasters have repeatedly occurred in geological history Earth. Indeed, in sequences of sedimentary rocks geologists have found evidence of huge natural disasters. For example, from the late Paleozoic, ie, in the past 250 million years in the evolution of living organisms, some apparent "failures". Paleontologists found that 247, 220 and 65 million years ago the Earth lost about 95% of all life. The last time, for example, the giant dinosaurs became extinct. Known, seven mor |
Quasars
Flicker, flicker, kvazizvezda!
You're far away Or are you close? In the history of astronomy, the oldest of the sciences, there was no time, so rich in the most outstanding discoveries, like today. Particularly happy were the last decades, considering opening quasars in 1963, the CMB was discovered, became known pulsars, followed by the discovery of neutron stars in close binary systems, invisible coronas of galaxies, black holes, apparent superluminal motions in quasars. Astrophysics - the branch of astronomy that studies the largest objects around us, considering the universe as a whole, as well as the physical nature of celestial bodies. Studying the universe, astronomers have gradually gone far beyond the boundaries of the visible part of the electromagn |
Classification of nebulae
Classification of nebulae
(Summary for Grade 8) Nebula - a celestial objects, which, unlike the stars look like spots. The brightest of them are visible to the naked eye (the Andromeda nebula and the Orion Nebula). In 1774, Frenchman Messier, engaged, however, the study of comets, which in appearance resemble the nebula, produced the first catalog of nebulae, created only. in order to facilitate the opening of new Messier objects of his interest. Most of the nebulae kagaloga were discovered by Messier. The catalog was compiled of all types and classes of nebulae, but they were not classified. Below is given a modern version of the classification of the nebulae. All of the nebula divided into galactic and extragalactic. Detailed classification of extragalactic neb |
Moon - a natural satellite of Earth
Luna - A natural satellite of the Earth ?
Contents 1.Vvedenie Section 1 2.1. The mythological story of the Moon 2.2. Origin of the Moon Section 2 3.1. Lunar eclipses 3.2. Eclipses in the old days Section 3 4.1. The shape of the Moon 4.2. The surface of the moon 4.3. Relief of the lunar surface 4.4. Lunar soil. 4.5. The internal structure of the Moon Section 4 5.1. Phases of the Moon. 5.2. A new stage in exploring the moon. 5.3. Magnetism of the Moon. Section 5 6.1. The study of tidal power Section 6 7.1. Conclusion. 1. Introduction. Moon - a natural satellite of Earth and the brightest object in th |
Magnetic field of the Galaxy
Magnetic fields of the Galaxy
Evidence of the field. The polarization of starlight was discovered by V. Hiltnerom and J. Hall in the United States and regardless VA Dombrovski in the USSR in 1948 on the subject Struve said: "The discovery of interstellar polarization of light will always remain one of the most striking examples purely accidental discovery, like the discovery by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895, X-rays. From the experimenter required exceptional skill, but more importantly it was to realize that this effect is completely new and not predicted by previous works ?. The essence of the phenomenon of interstellar polarization of light is that of the star to the observer coming wave of mostly identically oriented electric vector. In other words, in interst |
Our Galaxy
Plan:
1. INTRODUCTION 2. OPENING OF THE GALAXY 3. COMMONWEALTH OF STARS 4. Star clusters 5. The stars 6. ASSOCIATION AND SUBSYSTEMS 7. LOCAL SYSTEM 8. CONCLUSIONS INTRODUCTION Astronomy - the science of the universe, studying the movement, structure, origin and development of celestial bodies and their systems. Like everything in the world, astronomy has a long history, almost more than any other science. In the course of getting acquainted with the universe around us there were new areas of knowledge. Were born some research directions, gradually develops into separate scientific disciplines. All of them, of course, united by common interests of astronomy, but relatively narrow special |
Unidentified flying objects
Plan:
1. Briefly about UFOs. 2. Versions of scientists. 3. Hypotheses UFO sightings. 4. Where in the atmosphere and under water appear UFOs. 5. UFO sightings on the ground. 6. Versions of biologists and chemists. Briefly about UFOs Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO) (from the English. Unknown Flying Objects - UFO, abroad, also called Fluing sancers - flying saucers) are frequently observed in the atmosphere of the body round or ellipsoidal shape and, in some cases found that are a consequence of atmospheric optical effects. The belief that a UFO - space vehicles of extraterrestrial civilizations, is debatable. Until now, debate about UFOs still not resolved. Hypotheses put forward a lot. From |
Novae
With outbreaks of new stars, energy is liberated to 10 538 0 J. Those stars, which unsuccessfully called on the new reality there, and before the outbreak. This is a hot dwarf star that suddenly in the short term (from days up to a hundred days) increases its luminosity at a lot of stellar magnitudes, and then slowly, sometimes over many years, returning to its original state. With outbreaks of new stars from their atmospheres at a speed of 1000 km / s outer shell of gas ejected mass thousands of times less massive than the sun. Every year in the galaxy erupts at least 200 new stars, but of them we observe only 2 / 3. Established that the new star - hot stars in close binary systems, where the second star is much colder than the first. This duality is ultimately the cause of the outbreak o
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are we alone in the universe?
Plan:
* Entry. * The evolution and structure of galaxies. * Are we alone in the universe? * Hypothesis of the plurality of systems. * The emergence of life on Earth. * Life on other planets. * The problem of extraterrestrial civilizations. * The emergence of mind. * Communication with other worlds. * Space messages. * Conclusion. * Literature. I. Introduction. If you look at the night sky on a clear night, you can see about a thousand stars in our galaxy. Each of these stars, like our sun shines millions or billions of years, and the light that we see traveling in interstellar space of four years to two thousand years before reaching our eyes. Topic "are we alo |
Prospects telescope
Prospects telescopy
As you know, the appointment of an optical telescope - to increase the angle of the visible celestial body, and to gather as much light rays coming from it. For nearly four hundred years history of emerged and developed in accordance with the theory of two main types of construction: refractory - and lens reflex - reflex. It should be added that in the first half of the twentieth century was invented radio telescope. Let us ask ourselves: is it possible to propose the following construction of the telescope through which increased significantly to our understanding of the appearance and structure of distant stars. Let us turn directly to the experience. From optics we know that from any point of the visible body (stone, refle |
Venus
Venus
Venus - often called Earth's sister because of its similarity in size and proximity to Earth in the solar system. The surface of Venus to cover acidic clouds moving from east to west at a speed of 370 km / hr. Using satellite radar research Magellan, we have the opportunity to examine the planet's surface. Characteristics of Venus Average distance from the Sun - 0.723 AU, 108.200.000 km; Orbit - 0.72 orbit the Earth; Orbital period - 224.7 earth days; Revolution around the axis - 243 earth days (retrograde); Axial - 178 degrees; Gradient orbit - 3.39 degrees; The average radius - radius of 0.95 Earth; Average diameter - 12104 km; Weight - 4.87 x 10 ^ 24 kg (0.815 Earth mas |
Venus
108.20 million km equatorial diameter 12104 miles Period of rotation (sidereal day) 243.01 Earth days Period 224.70 Earth days orbit speed of 35,03 km / s. The temperature at the surface to 480 gr C0 Mass (Earth = 1) 0,81 The average density of matter (water = 1) 5.25 The force of gravity on the surface (Earth = 1) 0.93 Number of satellites 0 Venus - second only on the distance of Mercury from the Sun (108 million km) of the terrestrial planets. It occupies an intermediate position between Mercury and Earth. Its orbit takes the form of almost perfect circle, planet, almost the same size as Earth. The orbit of Venus is closer to a circle than any other planet in the Solar System. At times, Ven |
Earth
Earth
CONTENTS. LAND. Ancient and Modern Earth. STUDY OF EARTH FROM SPACE. ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH. Asteroids near Earth. Move LEE of the Earth? THIRTEEN motion of the Earth. ONLY satellite - the moon. CONCLUSION. LIST OF USED LITERATURE. LAND. Land - is the third planet from the Sun, the solar system. It revolves around the star in an elliptical orbit (very close to circular) with an average speed of 29.765 km / s at an average distance of 149.6 million kilometers for the period equal to 365.24 days. Earth has a satellite - the moon orbiting the Sun at an average distance of 384,400 kilometers. The slope of the earth's axis to the ecliptic plane is 66033 `22 ``. The period of the p |
Earth
PLANET EARTH
Contents 1. Earth 2. The internal structure of the Earth 3. Thermal energy of the planet 4. Plate tectonics 5. Evolution of the Earth 6. Earth's atmosphere 7. Hydrosphere Earth Earth Earth Earth as one of the planets of the solar system at first glance unremarkable. This is not the greatest, but not the least of the planets. It is not closest to the sun, but not dwell on the periphery of the planetary system. Yet Earth has one unique feature - it is life. However, when looking at the Earth from space is not noticeable. Well see clouds floating in the atmosphere. Through the gaps in them distinguishable continents. The greater part of the Earth is covered with oceans. Th |
Solar System
Introduction
The last decade fundamentally altered our understanding of the structure, dynamical evolution and stability of the solar system. Usual were reported on the opening of new facilities, the identification of new dynamic structures, the manifestation of the properties of the instability of motion or chaotic behavior of certain groups of objects. This is due to several factors: the emergence of new tools and modernization of old, the use of highly sensitive CCD and new methods of mathematical processing of observations. All this allows to observe new objects that have very low brightness and a substantial proper motion. New analytical and numerical methods in celestial mechanics, coupled with modern computer systems make it possible to simulate t |
Solar System
Contents:
1. Introduction 2. General information about the solar system 3. Solar System Objects - Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars - Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune - Pluto - Sun - Black holes - Comets - Asteroids - Kuiper belt 4. Kepler's laws 5. List of literature used Introduction. Long ago, people looked to the sky and saw the stars, only stars, deposits of sparkling diamonds. And every night they gathered together under the immense size cloth of black velvet studded with millions of stars. Their whole life was full of fairy tale ... Tale, which has no end, for all infinite. And every day at the same time fading diamonds hiding |
Theory of the Universe
One of the major revolutionary shifts Natural XX century is firmly included in the arsenal of modern science the idea of evolution of matter at all levels, the idea of the universe as a whole.
Even 40-50 years ago, astrophysicists studied types of celestial bodies, known since ancient times - planets, stars, scattered (diffuse) substance. They were interested primarily in equilibrium states of space objects such as stars. Of course, even then were known to some transient, exploding objects, but they are seen as something abnormal and accidental. However, the progress of modern astrophysics has shown that one of the most characteristic features of the area covered by the observations of the universe is a huge variety of quality facilities and types of changes. Particularly signific |
Evolution of the Universe
CONTENTS | Introduction | 3 | INTRODUCTION What is the Earth, moon, sun, stars? Where to start and where the end study of the universe, even known |
The evolution and formation of the universe and the galaxy
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD ROSSIYSKOY FEDERATION Fisheries Department Murmansk State TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY < p> FACULTY OF CORRESPONDENCE SOCIO-ECONOMIC EDUCATION ABSTRACT ON THE CONCEPT OF CONTEMPORARY NATURAL on the theme "The Universe? Murmansk 1999 content. 1. Introduction. 3 |
Energy of the Sun
energy from the Sun. Why the sun shines and cool down billions of years? What is the "fuel" gives it energy? The answers to this question, scientists have searched for centuries, and only in beginning of XX century it was found the correct solution. We now know that, as other stars, shines through flowing in its interior fusion reactions. What kind of reaction? If the atomic nuclei of light elements merge into a heavier nucleus of an atom element, then the new weight will be less than the total mass of those of which it was formed. The rest mass is converted into energy, which carry away the particles released during the reaction. This energy is almost transformed into heat. Such a fusion reaction of atomic nuclei can occur only at very high press |
Jupiter
Features of Jupiter. |
Quasars
Contents: | Mystery superstars | 2 | Riddle superstars Until recently, stellar astronomers believe that the mass of stars is notcan exceed the mass of the sun more than 100 times. Otherwisestar will be unstable and disintegrate. However, Hoyle and Fowlersuggested that at times inside the nuclei of galaxies, due to condensationinterstellar gas, there may be "superstars" with the masses, the superiorsolar hundreds of thousands or even hundreds of millions of times. These superstars (forsuch an object is not a star in the usual sense of the word), ascalculations should gradually shrink, which leads to theenormous a |
The most important achievements in space exploration
Contents
?? 1) Introduction 2) Going space 3) Conclusion ? Introduction Perhaps, for many thousands of years ago, looking at the night sky, a man dreamed of flying to the stars. A myriad of twinkling night light made him straying into infinite given universe awakened imagination, forced to ponder the mysteries of the universe. Centuries passed, a person to become more and more power over nature, but the dream of flight to the stars remained just as elusive as a thousand years ago. Legends and myths of all peoples are full of stories about the flight to the moon, sun and stars. Funds for such flights suggested by popular imagination, were primitive: chariot drawn by eagles, wings, attached to the human hand. In 17 century the short story |
Invasion of cosmic bodies in the Earths atmosphere
Contents 1.Meteoritnoe substance and meteorites. 2. Movement of solid meteoroid in the atmosphere. 3. Tunguska cosmic body. Literature. 1.Meteoritnoe substance and meteorites. The stone and iron of the body, which fell to Earth from interplanetary space, called meteoroids, and the science of studying, Meteoritika. In the near-Earth space are moving a variety of meteoroids (space debris larger asteroids and comets). Their speeds range from 11 to 72 km / sec. It often happens that the path of their movement intersect with the orbit of the earth and they fly in its atmosphere. Phenomena of the invasion of cosmic bodies in the atmosphere has three main stages: 1. Flight in a rarefied atmosphere (up to altitudes |
Star clusters and nebulae
Introduction.
For the people of the distant past the universe was, if not always safe, but still sustainable peace established, it would seem, solely for the convenience of the human race. Hardly a man then doubted that his abode - Earth - is dominant, central position, while the Sun justifies its existence by providing humanity light and warmth. Blazing stars, attached to a rotating celestial sphere, considered as elements of space tiles, designed to decorate the night. Naturally, it was also that the details of the celestial landscape became identified with the heroes of mythology, this identification is preserved until our time in the form of the names of groups of stars or constellations. Over time, legends, reflecting the very first attempts to establish its place in |
Study of the starry sky with the help of mobile maps
Lab.
"Study of the starry sky with the help of mobile maps" Purpose: 1. Learn how to determine the kind of starry sky at any time of day an arbitrary day of the year. 2. Learn how to find the map of constellations, nebulae, Milky Way, the North Pole of the world, the North Star, the vernal equinox, the celestial equator, the ecliptic, the position of the sun on the ecliptic, the visible and invisible part of the sky. 3. Learn how to find and identify constellations of the zenith at the zenith. 4. Learn how to determine the coordinates of stars. Theory: Mobile star chart to determine the form of the starry sky at any time of day an arbitrary day of the year and quickly solve a number of practical problems in t |
Study of Venus and Mars
PLAN
INTRODUCTION. "PLANET OF SECRETS". BACKGROUND. INVESTIGATION OF VENUS THROUGH AMC "Red Planet" - Mars. MYSTERIES OF MARS Interesting observation beyond Mars. CONCLUSION REFERENCES INTRODUCTION. Astronomy - the science that studies the body of the universe - originated in ancient times. Currently, the arsenal of directions and methods of astronomical research is very high. Astronomy consists of many parts: astrometry, celestial mechanics, astrophysics, cosmogony, cosmology. Depending on the studied objects in astronomy distinguished heliophysics, planetary, cometary, extragalactic astronomy, and depending on the range of radiation, which conducted the study, emit radio astronomy, inf |
Commercial activity on international flights
Question number 1. Negotiations, as a preliminary stage CONTRACTS (CONTRACTS).
A large part of the commercial activity of any airline on international flights is contractual and legal commercial work. It includes the maintenance of commercial negotiations, conclusion of commercial agreements and work to fulfill the terms of those agreements by the airline, as well as monitoring compliance with agreements with the airlines and other partners in the agreements. The basis for international flights are intergovernmental agreements on air services and other intergovernmental and interagency documents, which define the basic conditions of commercial operation of airlines. Also important are the agreements at the level of airlines and other commercial agreements between airlines as |
Clouds
Find out what the weather outside, quite easily. Sometimes a quick glance at the sky can give more information than a detailed weather forecast. Above his head is either infinite blue or black storm clouds, clearly speaking about the impending bad weather.
The sky is never completely identical "pictures", except when it is pure and serene: the appearance of clouds and their differences depend on what conditions and how they formed. BIRTH OF CLOUDS All variety of clouds there, thanks to one and the same process - condensation of invisible particles of gaseous water (water vapor) in the atmosphere. Unlike other gases, water vapor at low temperatures may become liquid (if it turns into tiny water droplets) or solid (in this case the couple formed snowflake |
Problematic questions of the universe
Starry sky above his head for a long time it was for a man symbol of eternity and immutability. Only in modern times people realized that the "fixed" stars actually move, and with great speed. In the XX century. humanity is accustomed to even more strange fact: the distance between the star systems - the galaxies are not related to each other by gravitational forces, are constantly increasing. It is not in the nature of galaxies the universe itself is constantly expanding! Natural science had to part with one of its fundamental principles: all things change in this world, but the world at large is always the same. This can be considered the most important scientific event of the XX century.
It all started when Albert Einstein created the general theory of relativity. In |